Objective; To enhance understanding of chronic diseases and their

Chronic Disease Presentation on Diabetes Mellitus

Judging by renaming each topic on the list, I will shift my attention to diabetes mellitus.
This choice is based on the significant concern that diabetes mellitus occupies in individuals and
public health, coupled with the extensive research and information resources available for a
comprehensive consideration of the disease’s etiology, management, and treatment.
Pathophysiology
Diabetes mellitus, therefore, refers to a disease characterized by high blood sugar due to
an imperfection in insulin production or the effectiveness of the hormone (Gastaldi et al., 2021).
There are two primary forms of diabetes mellitus:  Type 1 and Type 2. When one is diagnosed
with type 1 diabetes, it means that, for one or two reasons, the body attacks insulin-producing
beta cells in the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes, which is more prevalent than Type 1, is developed as
a result of a decrease in the uptake of insulin by the body’s cells and dropping levels of insulin
(Gastaldi et al., 2021). Knowledge of these mechanisms is fundamental for treatment and disease
management approaches to be useful.
Common Signs and Symptoms
People with diabetes mellitus may have several signs and symptoms that include a
tendency to urinate more, increased hunger for food, unexplained loss of weight, always feeling
tired, impaired vision, and slow wound healing (Hua, 2020). When observed, Any of these
symptoms can be taken as early warning signs that require an immediate visit to the doctor,
which is very important in preventing difficulties.
Common Medications
A treatment plan for diabetes mellitus mainly includes the modification of one’s lifestyle
alongside the use of medication. I will explore five commonly used medications: The classes of

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medications that are discussed include metformin, which is used for painful diabetic neuropathy
and has side effects such as metallic taste, vomiting, and diarrhea; insulin, which comes in
various forms and methods of administration and includes subcutaneous injection, intramuscular
injection, intravenous injection, inhalation, and gel; Sulfonylureas is the purpose of this
medication, with the benefits of lowering blood sugar and the risks of hypogea (Gastaldi et al.,
2021).
Common Co-Existing Disease Processes
Patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 are always predisposed to other related diseases
like hypertension, cardiovascular illnesses, and renal dysfunctions. The association of these
diseases can be explained by several aspects, such as chronic inflammation, endothelial
dysfunction, and metabolic syndrome (Hua, 2020). Notably, the overall management of the
patient requires knowledge of all these relationships.
Patient Education
Patient education is also important to care delivery in diabetes mellitus beyond clinical
management. It would include key learnings on the disease process, beginning with
understanding diabetes and its consequences, specifically the medications and the need to adhere
to them or the side effects, how they may affect day-to-day life, and how one has to learn to cope
with them (Hua, 2020). Moreover, daily life involves supporting and making recommendations
about proper diet and nutrition concerning diabetes, physical training through endorsing the
necessity of exercises concerning insulin, schedule, control with monitoring, and chronic visits to
the doctor through stressing regular check-ups and visits for diabetes (Yan et al., 2023). All in
all, DM is an extensive topic where pathophysiology, management, comorbidities, and patient
education can be thoroughly discussed.